Analysis of variance Free Essays

The green moss bio-insecticide was extracted by means of pounding and squeezing. The insecticide was tested by the researcher by applying it to 10 eremites in three trials with three different concentration. The first setup was applied with the 100% moss extract, the second setup with the 50%, the third setup with the 25% concentration gradient of the moss extract. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of variance or any similar topic only for you Order Now The last setup was applied with commercialese insecticide. With the given results that were computed from the gathered data, the researcher conclude that the alternative hypothesis, which states that the green moss extract would be an effective bio-insecticide on dry wood termites versus the commercialese insecticide by means of their mortality, is accepted the reason given that the F value is higher than the degrees of freedom. If the green moss extract, compared to commercialese insecticide, would be an effective insecticide against drowsy termites. Termite, common name for numerous species of social insects that can damage wooden structures, such as furniture or houses, or other materials containing cellulose while other species obtain a special fluid secreted by beetles. Control is obtained also by using wood treated with creosote or some other poisonous chemical. Because most worker termites cannot vive without moisture, the territories should be exposed to dry air. Insecticides induced to termites are of the following: The soil where a structure is standing would be treated with an insecticide to discourage termite incursions; wooden parts of a structure would be treated with creosote or some other poisonous chemical for control thus making the termites live outside the wood but the workers cannot live without moisture, thus being exposed to dry air. Commercialese insecticides are very harmful not only for the common health of the insects but also for humans and the environment. Unstable chemicals that kill other lives will most potentially kill others. In conclusion, commercialese insecticides which contains harmful chemicals are widely ranged in the country but must not be thus having the study. Moss is used in this study as an insecticide to drowsy termites due to the Bryophytes isolated location; moist, wet, and out of reach. Green moss is not contacted by termites, thus the idea of making idea of making the Bryophyte to be an insecticide. General Statement of the Problem The problems of the research are the following: The possibility of the green moss extract to be a potential insecticide to drowsy termites; the comparison of the green moss extract as an insecticide and the commercialese insecticide to its effectiveness over drowsy termites. Specific Questions 1 . L’s there a significant difference between the different proportions of the green moss extract and commercialese insecticide in terms of killing termites? . Will there be a high mortality rate on the termites when the green moss extract is used. Statement of the Hypotheses The null hypothesis of this study is that the Green moss extract would not be an effective insecticide over drowsy termites versus the commercialese insecticide by means of mortality while its alternative hypothesis is that the Green moss extract would be an effective insecticide on droopy termites versus the commercialese insecticide by means of mortality. Significance of the Study The aim of the study is to use the abundance of green moss extract in the research’s location for use as a alternative for a insecticide over commercialese products due to its chemical value. And also, to find what substance does the green moss extract notation which has insecticidal properties over the termites, if ever. Most Filipino families will benefit from the study due to its abundance in any place which is damp; virtually, everywhere. It may also be mass produced and may be a source of income to the Philippines; export to other countries. Scope and Limitation The study will be dealing with the production of the bio-insecticide made out of the pure extract gathered from the green moss given the reason of the countless chemicals found in the commercialese insecticide and that the bio-insecticide is to Essen the usage of it by proving that the product has better mortality rate over pests, in this case, drowsy termites. The study will be limited on what type of tests shall the green moss extract bio-insecticide undergo. The study is also limited on using just the green moss as the resource for the study. Definition of Terms Bryophyte – a botanical division (phylum) of small, soft plants. Drowsy termites – creates colonies in wood, with no connection to the ground necessary. Green moss – A plant which may grow in all types of climate and grow on a variety of substrates. Insecticide- a chemical used against insects. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The potentiality of Nonage bark extract as an insecticide was conducted by Sheer Ann Alarming, Erectile Guessers, and Shannon Mayo through Photochemical Analysis and Screen-House Experiment. For the Screen-House Experiment, four nonsectarian were constructed with them applied Treatment A (pure extract), B (extract with essential oil), C (Bacon), and D (Raid). Mortality rate and effectiveness of the extract were observed for two minutes y the researchers and the results were subjected to One-way Analysis of Variance (NOVA). As a result, in terms of the treatments effectively on mosquitoes, the pure extract is the most effective. On the other hand, Treatments A, C and D were effective against termites’ and cockroaches. The researchers had bought to a conclusion that Nonage Bark Extract is effective and could be tapped as an alternative bio-insecticide in eliminating insects. In another research, by Amman Bengal, tackling on the Insecticidal effect of Thebe on common house mosquitoes, he stated that developers have had discovered that thebe oil contains insecticidal qualities as well although no toxicity as been reported present. He then made an experiment by introducing the concoction to twenty(20) common house mosquitoes to test the effectively of it and was then observed for twenty(20) minutes. The results brought the researcher to the conclusion that thebe contains an insecticidal effect on mosquitoes. Lastly, the researchers Gaylord and Clement had pondered over the effectiveness of cassava extract insecticide against termites and how it could be a substitute for the commercialese insecticides. The extract was then gathered and applied to twenty(20) termites inside a beaker; sprayed twice. After several trials and times measured, they used T-test to tabulate the data of the Cassava extract against the commercialese insecticide. They then concluded that the two have no significant difference and that the Cassava extract is effective and may be a substitute for the commercialese insecticide. METHODOLOGY Location of the Study The study was conducted inside the vicinity of the researcher’s school, Calm City Science High School. The moss was gathered from Callahan, Laguna. Data Gathering Process The data was gathered after the application of the 100%, 50%, and 25% gradient incineration of the green moss extract, and the commercialese insecticide to the drowsy termites. The researcher had observed if there was a significant difference between the four (4) substances to the mortality rate of the drowsy termites. Statistical Analysis The data gathering technique to be used in the study by the researcher is the One-way analysis of variance that it may be used to two or more samples, by using the F-test, and must be numerical data. Since the samples are independent, they have equal variances, and that the insecticides are virtually distributed by the same assure, the study is applicable for a One-way NOVA. Instruments The researcher used the following materials to make the bio-insecticide made out of green moss extract. The raw materials that were used to create the product was green moss and water (for the concentration of the extract). The other instruments used were mortar and pestle, to pulverize the moss and get the extract easier; beaker, as both a container and measurement tool for both the extract and commercialese insecticide; filter paper, in order not to get impurities to the extract; terrorized containers as where the drowsy termites would be put to; and sprayer for the distribution of the extract. A stopwatch will be used to measure the duration of the mortality of the drowsy termites. Procedure The researcher would first collect the materials for the experiment going with: 500 grams of moss; a beaker; a stirring rod; mortar and pestle; filter paper; patisseries; commercialese insecticide. The researcher would then be extracting the moss using the mortar and pestle and then be contained on a beaker through filter paper and funnel. After a short hill, the extract and the commercialese insecticide will then be applied to 3 set- ups each and having the extract decreased from 100% concentration to 50% and then to 25%. The results will then be gathered and tabulated after twenty(20) minutes using the â€Å"One-way analysis of variance† or the â€Å"One-way NOVA†. Summary and Conclusion This study was conducted to develop a bio-insecticide made out of green moss extract that may kill drowsy termites. The data was gathered by applying the different concentration of the green moss extract which was 100%, 50%, and 25%, including the commercialese insecticide to three (3) trials each containing ten (10) drowsy termites. With the given results that were computed from the gathered data, the researcher conclude that the alternative hypothesis, which states that the green moss extract would be an effective bio-insecticide on dry wood termites versus the commercialese insecticide by means of their mortality, is accepted the reason given that the F value is higher than the degrees of freedom thus stating that the alternative hypothesis is accepted. In addition, the researcher has tested and concluded that the extraneous arable of the moss extract to be acidic and that may have affected the termites’ mortality is faulty. The green moss extract has a level of 8 pH which concludes that it is a basic substance and not an acidic substance. Recommendation The researcher recommends finding what exact content that the green moss extract has that had killed the drowsy termites. He recommends that when the specific content of the green moss extract that has a pesticides effect is found, use another type of moss. The researcher also recommends using the same type of moss but in another location having the reason of different nutrition of the moss. How to cite Analysis of variance, Papers Analysis of Variance Free Essays Analysis of Variance Lecture 11 April 26th, 2011 A. Introduction When you have more than two groups, a t-test (or the nonparametric equivalent) is no longer applicable. Instead, we use a technique called analysis of variance. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Variance or any similar topic only for you Order Now This chapter covers analysis of variance designs with one or more independent variables, as well as more advanced topics such as interpreting significant interactions, and unbalanced designs. B. One-Way Analysis of Variance The method used today for comparisons of three or more groups is called analysis of variance (ANOVA). This method has the advantage of testing whether there are any differences between the groups with a single probability associated with the test. The hypothesis tested is that all groups have the same mean. Before we present an example, notice that there are several assumptions that should be met before an analysis of variance is used. Essentially, we must have independence between groups (unless a repeated measures design is used); the sampling distributions of sample means must be normally distributed; and the groups should come from populations with equal variances (called homogeneity of variance). Example: 5 Subjects in three treatment groups X,Y and Z. X Y Z 700 480 500 850 460 550 820 500 480 640 570 600 920 580 610 The null hypothesis is that the mean(X)=mean(Y)=mean(Z). The alternative hypothesis is that the means are not all equal. How do we know if the means obtained are different because of difference in the reading programs(X,Y,Z) or because of random sampling error? By c hance, the five subjects we choose for group X might be faster readers than those chosen for groups Y and Z. We might now ask the question, â€Å"What causes scores to vary from the grand mean? In this example, there are two possible sources of variation, the first source is the training method (X,Y or Z). The second source of variation is due to the fact that individuals are different. SUM OF SQUARES total; SUM OF SQUARES between groups; SUM OF SQUARES error (within groups); F ratio = MEAN SQUARE between groups/MEAN SQUARE error = (SS between groups/(k-1)) / (SS error/(N-k)) SAS codes: DATA READING; INPUT GROUP $ WORDS @@; DATALINES; X 700 X 850 X 820 X 640 X 920 Y 480 Y 460 Y 500 Y 570 Y 580 Z 500 Z 550 Z 480 Z 600 Z 610 ; PROC ANOVA DATA=READING; TITLE ‘ANALYSIS OF READING DATA’; CLASS GROUP; MODEL WORDS=GROUP; MEANS GROUP; RUN; The ANOVA Procedure Dependent Variable: words Sum of Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value Pr F Model 2 215613. 3333 107806. 6667 16. 78 0. 0003 Error 12 77080. 0000 6423. 3333 Corrected Total 14 292693. 3333 Now that we know the reading methods are different, we want to know what the differences are. Is X better than Y or Z? Are the means of groups Y and Z so close that we cannot consider them different? In general , methods used to find group differences after the null hypothesis has been rejected are called post hoc, or multiple comparison test. These include Duncan’s multiple-range test, the Student-Newman-Keuls’ multiple-range test, least significant-difference test, Tukey’s studentized range test, Scheffe’s multiple-comparison procedure, and others. To request a post hoc test, place the SAS option name for the test you want, following a slash (/) on the MEANS statement. The SAS names for the post hoc tests previously listed are DUNCAN, SNK, LSD, TUKEY, AND SCHEFFE, respectively. For our example we have: MEANS GROUP / DUNCAN; Or MEANS GROUP / SCHEFFE ALPHA=. 1 At the far left is a column labeled â€Å"Duncan Grouping. † Any groups that are not significantly different from one another will have the same letter in the Grouping column. The ANOVA Procedure Duncan’s Multiple Range Test for words NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparison wise error rate, not the experiment wise error rate. Alpha 0. 05 Error Degrees of Freedom 12 Error Mean Square 6423. 333 Number of Means 2 3 Critical Range 110. 4 115. 6 Means with the same letter are not significantly different. Duncan Grouping Mean N group A 786. 00 5 x B 548. 00 5 z B B 518. 00 5 y C. Computing Contrasts Suppose you want to make some specific comparisons. For example, if method X is a new method and methods Y and Z are more traditional methods, you may decide to compare method X to the mean of method Y and method Z to see if there is a difference between the new and traditional methods. You may also want to compare method Y to method Z to see if there is a difference. These comparisons are called contrasts, planned comparisons, or a priori comparisons. To specify comparisons using SAS software, you need to use PROC GLM (General Linear Model) instead of PROC ANOVA. PROC GLM is similar to PROC ANOVA and uses many of the same options and statements. However, PROC GLM is a more generalized program and can be used to compute contrasts or to analyze unbalanced designs. PROC GLM DATA=READING; TITLE ‘ANALYSIS OF READING DATA — PLANNED COMPARIONS’; CLASS GROUP; MODEL WORDS = GROUP; CONTRAST ‘X VS. Y AND Z’ GROUP -2 1 1; CONTRAST ‘Method Y VS. Z’ GROUP 0 1 -1; RUN; The GLM Procedure Contrast DF Contrast SS Mean Square F Value Pr ; F X VS. Y AND Z 1 213363. 3333 213363. 3333 33. 22 F group 2 503215. 2667 251607. 6333 56. 62 F group 1 121. 0000000 121. 0000000 8. 00 0. 0152 drug 1 42. 2500000 42. 2500000 2. 79 0. 1205 group*drug 1 930. 500000 930. 2500000 61. 50 F Model 5 39. 96666667 7. 99333333 9. 36 0. 0002 Error 18 15. 36666667 0. 85370370 Corrected Total 23 55. 33333333 Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value Pr ; F sweet 2 29. 77706840 14. 88853420 17. 44 |t| for H0: LSMean(i)=LSMean(j) Dependent Variable: rating i/j 1 2 3 1 0. 3866 How to cite Analysis of Variance, Essay examples